Essential Oil Of Ocimum Basilicum Research Articles

Evaluation of larvicidal activity of Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil on Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti L.

Aedes aegypti is a mosquito species of significant importance to public health because of its role in the spread of infections in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Chemical control measures are crucial for insect management. However, the widespread use of commercial insecticides has led to the development of resistance to Ae. aegypti. Therefore, alternative control measures must be explored. This study aimed to investigate the larvicidal activity and mechanism of action of Ocimum basilicum essential oil against Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti L. The phytochemical components of the oil were identified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis, which revealed that oxygenated monoterpenes, primarily Linalool and Estragole, were the major components. The essential oil demonstrated concentration-dependent larvicidal activity, with increased mortality rates at higher concentrations. The larvicidal activity of the essential oil may be enhanced, as shown by molecular docking of its phytochemical components, either individually or in combination with juvenile hormones. These findings suggest that the essential oil has the potential to be used as a larvicide for the management of Ae. aegypti populations and that the mechanism of action may involve interactions between the phytochemical components and juvenile hormones.

Essential Oil of Ocimum basilicum against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus: Larvicidal Activity of a Nanoemulsion and In Silico Study

Diseases transmitted by vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) have been responsible for endemics and epidemics in several countries, causing irreparable damage to human health. For this reason, vector control is one of the main strategies to prevent the contamination and dissemination of these etiological agents. In this study, the essential oil (EO) of Ocimum basilicum was obtained by hydrodistillation, and the compounds were identified by GC/MS. A nanoemulsion was obtained through a low-energy input method and evaluated by photon correlation spectroscopy. Bioassays were performed against 4th instar larvae of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. Furthermore, additional in silico studies of biological activity prediction and molecular docking for the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and juvenile hormone protein targets were performed with the 53 identified compounds of the EO. The major compounds identified in greater quantity were linalool (32.66%) and anethole (32.48%). The obtained nanoemulsion had an average size diameter between 244.6 and 280.4 nm and a polydispersity index below 0.250 during the entire storage period. The nanoemulsion was tested at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/L and the following activity values were observed: LC50 = 42.15 mg/L and 40.94 mg/L and LC90 = 50.35 mg/L and 48.87 mg/L for A. aegypti (24 h and 48 h); LC50 = 39.64 mg/L and 38.08 mg/L and LC90 = 52.58 mg/L and 54.26 mg/L for C. quinquefasciatus (24 h and 48 h). The in silico results showed better activity values for linalool, anethole, carvone, α-selinene, eugenol, and limonene. The α-selinene compound showed the best binding affinity with the insect acetylcholinesterase enzyme (−9.1 Kcal) in molecular docking, showing the importance of antagonist compounds in elucidating the mechanism of action for the investigated targets. Thus, the studied nanoemulsion was considered active against the tested species, becoming a potential alternative as an ecological bioinsecticide due to bioactivity and simplicity of formulation.

Repellent and larvicidal properties of selected indigenous plants in the control of Anopheles mosquitoes

Background & objectives: Widespread pyrethroid resistance and plastic-feeding behaviour of most malaria vectors across Africa threaten the efficacy of current insecticide-based vector control interventions like Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS). This study examined the larvicidal activity ofMorinda citrifolia against Anopheles gambiae larvae and the repellent properties of Morinda citrifolia (Noni), Moringa oleifera (Moringa), and Ocimum basilicum (Basil) as complementary vector control tools against Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.). Methods: Noni, Basil, and Moringa oil extracts were obtained with the extraction techniques; Soxhlet, steam distillation and maceration respectively, using hexane and ethanol. The effectiveness of the extracts was assessed using the WHO standard larval susceptibility bioassay and guidelines for repellent efficacy. Following bioassays, effective doses (ED) and lethal concentrations (LC) were determined. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis was performed to identify the bioactive chemical components of the extracts of Moringa oleifera and Ocimum basilicum. Results: Emulsified Morinda citrifolia seed oil had LC50=68.3, LC90=130.9 and LC99.9=222.5, and ED99. 9=308.3%v/v, the ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves had ED99.9= 1.25g/ml, and essential oil of Ocimum basilicum leaves had ED99.9=0.28g/ml against Anopheles gambiae. Interpretation & conclusion: The results obtained indicated that seed oil of Morinda citrifolia, essential oil of Ocimum basilicum, and crude extract of Moringa oleifera have repellent activity against An. gambiae s.l. The complete protection time (CPT) of Morinda citrifolia, Moringa oleifera, and Ocimum basilicum was 120 min, 72 min and 84 min at ED99.9 respectively. Morinda citrifolia oil exhibited larvicidal effects against the larvae of An. gambiae s.l. The results provide valuable information for the use of the plants as biocides.

Ocimum Basilicum (basil/tulsi): a herbal sustainable treasure and its therapeutic potency

Basil is a good source of free radical scavenging compounds that have their traditional medicinal applications that may be successful for future modern medical applications and personal care as well. Ocimum basilicum (Basil) has long been revered for its culinary allure, but its medicinal benefits are equally remarkable. Ocimum basilicum is known for its bioactive therapeutic metabolites. Basil is used in Ayurveda and in traditional medicine to treat digestive system disorders like stomach ache, fever and diarrhoea, kidney infections. Various vegetative parts of Ocimum species were explore by researchers to test their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential. Holy basil is also found to contain eugenol oil that may helpful to treat hypertension. Basil essential oils and its phytochemical compounds were found to exhibit excellent antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, yeast, and mold. The analysis of antimicrobial properties was also confirmed that Ocimum basilicum essential oils have excellent inhibiting activity by showing growth inhibition zones ranged from 9.67 to 15.33 mm in Gram-positive microbes and Gram-negative microbes including inhibition zone ranging from 5.33 to 7.33 mm in yeast. Observed lowest minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of Ocimum basilicum essential oils was 3.21 µL/mL against Gram -negative Azotobacter chrococcum and Gram -positive Micrococcus luteus. Notable highest insecticidal activity was also found against Pyrrhocoris apterus that caused the death of 80% of individuals globally. As a result, Ocimum basilicum essential oils have potent broad spectrum of activity, so that its various extracts can become safe and sustainable herbal choice to preserve fruit and vegetables against plant pathogenic infections.. Hence, this discrete review is strived to explore basil's safe and sustainable therapeutic approaches in combating microbial and viral infections, oxidative stress including improving metabolic disorders, cognitive improvement, strengthening the immune system, oral health and skin wellness.

Facile sonochemically-assisted bioengineering of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and deciphering their potential in treating breast and lung cancers: biological, molecular, and computational-based investigations.

Combining sonochemistry with phytochemistry is a modern trend in the biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs), which contributes to the sustainability of chemical processes and minimizes hazardous effects. Herein, titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs were bioengineered using a novel and facile ultrasound-assisted approach utilizing the greenly extracted essential oil of Ocimum basilicum. FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometry were used to confirm the formation of TiO2 NPs. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the crystalline nature of TiO2 NPs. TEM analysis revealed the spherical morphology of the NPs with sizes ranging from 5.55 to 13.89 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirmed the purity of the greenly synthesized NPs. TiO2 NPs demonstrated outstanding antitumor activity against breast (MCF-7) and lung (A-549) cancer cells with estimated IC50 values of 1.73 and 4.79 μg mL-1. The TiO2 NPs were cytocompatible to normal cells (MCF-10A) with a selectivity index (SI) of 8.77 for breast and 3.17 for lung cancer. Biological assays revealed a promising potential for TiO2 NPs to induce apoptosis and arrest cells at the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle phase in both cancer cell lines. Molecular investigations showed the ability of TiO2 NPs to increase apoptotic genes' expression (Bak and Bax) and their profound ability to elevate the expression of apoptotic proteins (caspases 3 and 7). Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding interactions for TiO2 NPs with caspase 3 and EGFR-TK targets. In conclusion, the greenly synthesized TiO2 NPs exhibited potent antitumor activity and mitochondrion-based cell death against breast and lung cancer cell lines while maintaining cytocompatibility against normal cells.

Extraction and Characterization of the Essential Oil from the Leaves of Ocimum basilicum and Evaluation of its Antioxidant Properties

The essential oil was extracted from the leaves of Ocimum basilicum using a modified steam distillation method. The chemical composition and free radical inhibition property of the plant essential oil were investigated. Results from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of 39 different compounds in the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum. The major components, Terpinen-4-ol (21.31%), Eucalyptol (18.97%), α-Terpineol (14.41%), γ-Terpinene (12.61%), Caryophyllene (11.90%), α-Pinene (6.11%), and β-Myrcene (5.54%), were found in high percentages. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging assays, with Ascorbic acid as a standard drug. The results showed that the essential oil extracted from Ocimum basilicum leaves exhibited positive effects at different concentrations when tested using both methods. At a concentration of 2.5 μL/mL, the Ocimum basilicum essential oil significantly scavenged 60.89% of hydrogen peroxide radicals, while the standard Ascorbic acid scavenged 79.13%. Similarly, at a concentration of 10 μL/mL, the plant’s volatile oil inhibits 87.12% of DPPH radicals, while the standard Ascorbic acid inhibits 90.40%. This study highlights the potential of the essential oil derived from Ocimum basilicum leaves as a valuable source of compounds with free radical scavenging properties, consistent with its traditional medicinal applications. Graphical Abstract showing the entire experimental process:

Comparative antimicrobial potential of Ocimum basilicum essential oil, estragole and estragole/β-cyclodextrin complex in an infection model on adult zebrafish

BackgroundThe need of the growth the production of more efficient medications for the control of bacterial infections has waked up the pharmaceutical industry to develop new drugs from compounds isolated from plants. PurposeTherefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the antimicrobial potential of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum (OEFOb) leaves, of its main compound estragole (ES) and its estragole/β-cyclodextrin complex (ES/β-CD) on adult zebrafish (aZF). MethodsThe ES was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Brazil). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method, determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and assessing the potentiating effect in vitro, by the adapted method of in vivo infection by S. aureus and E. coli in aZF, and by the adapted method of potentiation of antibiotic action on aZF. ResultsThe OEFOb showed MIC values of 2048 μg/mL against the strains in the in vitro assay, on the other hand, estragole and its ES/β-CD complex both showed MIC values of 1024 μg/mL. The in vivo model of infection by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on aZF was established during the period of 24 and 48h after infection by bacterial inoculum. The oral administration of the OEFOb, ES, and ES/β-CD complex did not cause mortality in the aZF up to 48h of the test, as well as reduced the infection induced by strains S.a. ATCC 25923, S.a. 10, E.c. ATCC 2592 and E.c. 06 in the aZF, demonstrating clinically relevant effects. In verifying the synergistic effect, the OEFOb, ES, and ES/β-CD complex was significant against the strains studied, with the ES/β-CD complex presenting more relevant results when associated with gentamicin. ConclusionsThe OEFOb, ES, and ES/β-CD showed relevant antibacterial activity, as well as a synergistic effect in combination with gentamicin against strains of S. aureus and E. coli in the in vitro assay. It was possible to establish the model of in vivo infection by strains of S. aureus and E. coli on aZF during the period of 24 and 48h, by bacterial inoculum. P1 (OEFOb), P2 (ES), and P3 (ES/β-CD) demonstrated clinically relevant effects by inhibiting the infection induced by the pathogens in the aZF, and when associated with gentamicin, they were significant against the strains of S. aureus and E. coli, with the ES/β-CD complex being the most relevant in the association with the antibiotic.

Ocimum basilicum essential oil in pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus: anesthetic efficacy, distribution, and depletion in different tissues.

This study aimed to evaluate the anesthetic activity of Ocimum basilicum essential oil and the distribution and depletion of its major compounds in different tissues of the pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Juveniles (319.08 ± 9.14g) were individually anesthetized with six concentrations of essential oil from O. basilicum (150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300mg L-1), while in a second experiment, fish (492.39 ± 51.51g) were subjected to a 10min immersion bath with essential oil from O. basilicum (300mg L-1). After anesthetic recovery, blood and tissue samples of the brain, gills, liver, spleen, and white muscle were collected at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 24h. A 300mg L-1 concentration induced anesthesia in the shortest time (193.11 ± 9.31), while at 270 and 300mg L-1 concentrations, the anesthetic recovery period was the longest (244.33 ± 12.44) Methyl chavicol and linalool were quantified in all tissue samples. The plasma concentrations of methyl chavicol differed (p < 0.05) at all evaluated times. Linalool decreased (p < 0.05) from 0 to 1h and decreased again only after 12h. Reduction percentages in 24h were 92.9% for methyl chavicol, and 97.2% for linalool. Elimination of the compounds methyl chavicol and linalool is slower in the gills, where lower elimination constants (0.03 and 0.15 per h) and longer half-lives (25.84 and 4.53h), respectively, are noted. In general, essential oil from O. basilicum compounds was readily eliminated, showing promising potential for use as an anesthetic in aquaculture.

Effects of Ocimum basilicum essential oil and ginger extract on serum biochemistry, oxidative stress and gill tissue damage of pearl gentian grouper during simulated live transport.

This study explored the effects of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum (EOOB) and ginger extract (GE) during the transportation of pearl gentian grouper from water quality, serum biochemistry, oxidative stress, meat flavor, and gill tissue morphology. Fish (450 ± 50g) were allocated to the following 5 treatments: control group (fish transported in water only), 5mg/LEOOB, 10mg/LEOOB, 3mg/LGE, and 6mg/LGE and transported in insulation boxes (66 × 51 × 37.8cm) for 72h. Samples were taken at 0, 12, 36, 60, and 72h immediately after transport. It was found that 10mg/LEOOB and 6mg/LGE could reduce the levels of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), dissolved oxygen (DO), water pH, serum glucose (GLU), cortisol (COR), liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), increase the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as significantly increase the total free amino acid (TFAA) content in muscle compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, by observing the microstructure of gill tissue, it was found that compared with untreated grouper, the morphological damage of gill tissue in EOOB and GE treatment was alleviated. These results indicated that adding appropriate amounts of EOOB and GE to transport water could improve the water quality, relieve stress, and lower energy metabolism of grouper during transport. The results of this research will help to improve the survival rate of grouper after transportation and decrease economic losses to fishery.

INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF OCIMUM BASILICUM ESSENTIAL OIL AND OF ITS MAJOR CONSTITUENTS, LINALOOL AND ESTRAGOLE, AGAINST CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is the main post-harvest pest of Vigna unguiculata. The objective was to evaluate the fumigant activity of Ocimum basilicum essential oil and its major components linalool and estragole, on C. maculatus, through  the evaluation of toxicity, oviposition inhibition, instantaneous rate of population growth (ri) and insect development. The experimental units were composed of 0.8 L flasks treated with concentrations of 1.2 to 3.6 μL L-1 of O. basilicum essential oil, linalool, and estragole, applied on filter paper discs with a microsyringe. Each treatment had four replicates with adult insects exposed for 48 h. C. maculatus development rate was evaluated through a daily count o emerged adults. Oviposition was evaluated at the concentrations (LC50, LC25, LC10, and LC1). The LC50 and LC95 of O. basilicum essencial oil, linalool, and estragole were 1.79 and 4.36 μL L-1 of air, 1.68 and 3.35 μL L-1 of air, and 1.51 and 2.87 μL L-1 air, respectively. The increase in essential oil concentrations reduced the ri, rate of development, oviposition and number of eggs of C. maculatus, thus having potential to control this pest.

Antifungal Efficacy of Ocimum Basilicum Essential Oil in Tissue Conditioner Against Candida Albicans: An In vitro Study.

The antimicrobial activities were determined using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). After incorporation into tissue conditioner, the color difference and surface roughness were evaluated after one day. The surface morphology and the antibiofilm activity were assessed on day 1 and day 14. The zone of inhibition of OBEO on Sabouraud Dextrose agar was significantly wider than nystatin and deionized water (P=0.000) with the MIC and MFC values were 1.25% and 5%. Both OBEO concentrations incorporated into tissue conditioner, there was no significant difference of color changes in the light-dark character (P=0.102) and surface roughness (P=0.920) when compared to the control group. As for adherence at days 1 and 14, both concentrations of OBEO in tissue conditioner show significantly reduced adherence of C. albicans compared to the control group (P=0.000). OBEO exhibited significantly better antifungal activity against C. albicans when compared to nystatin and deionized water and resulted in no significant color changes, better surface roughness and lesser adherence of C. albicans toward the tissue conditioner.

Evaluation of the antifungal efficiency of biocides currently applied in the Coimbra UNESCO area limestone monuments

The application of biocides to control microbial proliferation in stone materials is nowadays a rather common practice. In the Coimbra´s UNESCO World heritage monuments, biocide treatments rely on the application of Biotin T and Preventol R80. However, the application of these formulations often occurs without the complete knowledge of microbial communities’ susceptibility to their application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of these compounds and compare them with a commercial version of Ocimum basilicum essential oil, against various fungal species present in these areas. Through the application of in vitro antifungal activity assays, we were able to verify that, in general, Biotin T rather than Preventol R80 was more efficient against all tested fungi. In addition, the commercial version of the Ocimum basilicum essential oil also exhibited good results and might be an alternative option to be taken into consideration in future interventions in these monuments.

Can Essential Oils Be a Natural Alternative for the Control of Spodoptera frugiperda? A Review of Toxicity Methods and Their Modes of Action

Spodoptera frugiperda is a major pest of maize crops. The application of synthetic insecticides and the use of Bt maize varieties are the principal strategies used for its control. However, due to the development of pesticide resistance and the negative impact of insecticides on the environment, natural alternatives are constantly being searched for. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to evaluate the use of essential oils (EOs) as natural alternatives for controlling S. frugiperda. This review article covers the composition of EOs, methods used for the evaluation of EO toxicity, EO effects, and their mode of action. Although the EOs of Ocimum basilicum, Piper marginatum, and Lippia alba are the most frequently used, Ageratum conyzoides, P. septuplinervium. O. gratissimum and Siparuna guianensis were shown to be the most effective. As the principal components of these EOs vary, then their mode of action on the pest could be different. The results of our analysis allowed us to evaluate and compare the potential of certain EOs for the control of this insect. In order to obtain comparable results when evaluating the toxicity of EOs on S. frugiperda, it is important that methodological issues are taken into account.

Differential fumigant and contact biotoxicities of biorational essential oil of Indian sweet basil and its active constituent against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis

Pulses are important source of nutrition. Safe and effective storage of pulses till consumption is a challenging task. Spoilage of pulses by invertebrate pests occurs at both pre and post-harvest conditions. Plant based food protectants is an emerging area of grain protection. This study assessed the differential biotoxicities of Indian sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum essential oil) and its major chemical constituent estragole against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis. GC-MS analysis of O. basilicum essential oil (EO) showed estragole (69.77%) and linalool (18.29%) as the main chemical constituent. O. basilicum EO and estragole exhibited a strong fumigant and contact toxicity giving 100% mortality against C. chinensis within an exposure period of 24 h in both without and with food conditions. LC50 of O. basilicum EO and estragole in presence of grain, were 83.33 μL/L air and 185.66 μL/L air and the LD50 values were 0.81 μL/cm2 and 1.67 μL/cm2 respectively. Furthermore, SEM analysis of EO and estragole treated C. chinensis exhibited significant changes in topology of scales on elytron. In-vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition of C. chinensis, was moderately higher in the treatment with estragole (43.01%) than O. basilicum EO (29.03%). Besides, a significant percent of oviposition deterrence effect was noticed in EO and estragole treated grains. Thus, Indian Ocimum chemotype (O. basilicum) and its active biological compound estragole showed effective potentiality as biorational insecticide for the control of pulse beetle. The main aim of the work was to develop biorational alternative for chemical pesticides by exploring the potential insecticidal activity of O. basilicum essential oil as an ecofriendly approach.

Protective effect of Ocimum basilicum essential oil on Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced breast tumor in mice

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide.7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is one of the xenobiotics that are implicated in various toxicological conditions including carcinogenesis. This study was conducted to assess the protective effect of Ocimum basilicum essential oil on Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced breast tumor in mice. Method: Sixty (60) adult female mice were randomized into five groups (A-E) each containing twelve (12) mice: Group A- Control received distilled water, Group B- DMBA induced only, Group C- DMBA induced+100mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) essential oil, Group D- DMBA induced+200mg/kg bwt essential oil and Group E- DMBA induced + Tamoxifen, respectively. The animals were treated with Ocimum basilicum essential oil for 14 days. At the end of 14 days, assays for serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione and glutathione-s- transferase also IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB and fragmented DNA were done. Result: Histopathology analysis of the skin of the mammary gland shows that DMBA-induced mice possessed enlarged skin tissue with epidermal necrosis and disruption of the entire layers of the skin, this suggesting tissue damage and cancer while positive control and group administered with Ocimum basilicum essential oil showed preserved epidermal, dermal and subcutaneous layers. There is increase in levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, NF-κB, fragmented DNA, SOD,CAT, GST activities and GSH level in the group administered with Ocimum basilicum essential oil when compared with the negative control.

Optimization of GC-MS Method for Analysis of Basil Essential Oils from Algeria: Design of Experiments and Exploratory Pattern Recognition

An optimization procedure for multistep temperature-programmed capillary gas chromatography was developed for the analysis of basil essential oil. The current study was planned after performing the following three steps: a preliminary chromatographic study, primary parameter screening, and final method optimization by using 23 factorial and Doehlert designs (DOE). The optimized conditions were obtained by using a split ratio of 1 / 2 , a gas flow rate of 1.3 mL/min, and a heating rate of 2°C/min. This set of conditions was later used for the optimization of the final method. The optimal experimental conditions were subsequently obtained by response surface optimization (isotherm duration = 6.2 min and slope = 1.06°C/min). The compositions of essential oils from six varieties of basil (Ocimum B. (1), Ocimum B. purpurescens opal (2), Ocimum B. minimum (3), Ocimum. B. cinnamon (4), Ocimum B. (marcellas) (5), and Ocimum B. Citriodora (6)) grown in four regions of Algeria (Ouargla, south of Algeria (O); Mostaganem, west of Algeria (M); Algiers, north of Algeria (A), and Constantine, east of Algeria (C)) were determined. A statistical study was performed based on hierarchical ascending classification and principal component analysis to elucidate the relationships between the basil varieties, their region of growth, and their essential oil composition. In addition to identifying several chemotypes, such as linalool, linalool/eugenol, linalool acetate, methyl eugenol, methyl chavicol, eugenol, methyl cinnamate E, and geraniol, a new compound, namely, octadecenamide (Z) (oleamide), was detected in the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. from Algiers (A1).

Antioxidant Effect of Ocimum basilicum Essential Oil and Its Effect on Cooking Qualities of Supplemented Chicken Nuggets.

A commonly observed chicken meat issue is its lipid oxidation that leads to deterioration of its organoleptic and nutritional properties and its further-processed products. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the traditional culinary herbs exhibiting food preservation properties. The current study investigated the essential oil composition, antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxic capacity of the essential oil of basil indigenous to Pakistan. GC–MS analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of 59 compounds that constituted 98.6% of the essential oil. O. basilicum essential oil (OB-EO) exhibited excellent antioxidant activity, i.e., IC50 5.92 ± 0.15 µg/mL as assayed by the DPPH assay, 23.4 ± 0.02 µmoL Fe/g by FRAP, and 14.6 ± 0.59% inhibition by H2O2. The brine shrimp lethality assay identified an average mortality of ~18% with OB-EO at 10–1000 µg/mL, while that of the same concentration range of the standard drug (etoposide) was 72%. OB-EO was found to be non-toxic to HeLa and PC-3 cell lines. TBARS contents were significantly decreased with increase of OB-EO in chicken nuggets. The lowest TBARS contents were recorded in nuggets supplemented with 0.3% OB-EO, whereas the highest overall acceptability score was marked to the treatments carrying 0.2% OB-EO. The results suggest OB-EO as a promising carrier of bioactive compounds with a broad range of food preservation properties, and which has a sensory acceptability threshold level for chicken nuggets falling between 0.2-0.3% supplementation. Future research must investigate the antibacterial impact of OB-EO on meat products preserved with natural rather than synthetic preservatives.

Essential Oils of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum americanum L. from Djibouti: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Evaluations

Ocimum plants are of great interest to traditional medicine in the history of several civilizations, particularly in terms of chronic human diseases. Essential oils obtained from this genus have also been used as therapeutic agents. In this present work, two plants of the Ocimum species from Djibouti, Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum americanum L., were subjected to hydrodistillation to obtain their essential oils. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to determine the chemical composition of both essential oils. Linalool (41.2%) and estragole (30.1%) are the major compounds among the 37 compounds that have been identified in the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. (EOOB), and carvotanacetol (38.4%) and estragole (27.5%) are the main compounds among the 42 compounds that have been identified in the essential oil of Ocimum americanum L. (EOOA). Morever, the cytotoxic activity of EOs was evaluated against 13 human cancer cell lines (K562, A549, HCT116, PC3, U87-MG, MIA-Paca2, HEK293, NCI-N87, RT4, U2OS, A2780, MRC -5 and JIMT-T1) using a luminescence spectrophotometric method; hence, the oils showed significant cytotoxic activities. The antibacterial activities of the oils were assayed on five Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Corynebacterium sp.) and seven Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium and Enterobacter cloacae) by agar disc diffusion methods. Both essential oils exhibited moderate activities against Streptococcus agalactiae, and thus each has an activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa for EOOB and against Enterobacter cloacae for EOOA, while the others are negative. The findings of this work showed the promising anticancer effects of both oils against total cell lines with a potential for use as natural alternatives to synthetic drugs; however, there was only an antibacterial effect against Streptococcus agalactiae.

A Preliminary Study of Ocimum basilicum Essential Oil as a Repellent against Aedes aegypti in Surabaya

Introduction: Aedes aegypti is the main dengue vector in Indonesia. One of the dengue controls is through insecticides use. The plant-based insecticide is one alternative that can be used to minimize the impact of chemical insecticides. Ocimum basilicum is one of the plants that have the potency to be used as insecticides. The aims of this study were to analyze the insecticide activity of Ocimum basilicum essential oil against Aedes aegypti as well as its Lethal Concentration (LC50 and LC90) and Knockdown Time ( KT50 and KT90).Methods: Treatment groups were given Ocimum basilicum essential oil of 100 ppm, 50 ppm, and 25 ppm. The tests were performed four times with 10 mosquitoes per test.Results: The mortality rate of the mosquito on the extract with a concentration of 100 ppm was 100%, 50 ppm was 10% and 25 ppm was 0% and the value of LC50 = 62.9 ppm and LC90 = 78.7 ppm. KT50 of this study was 19.4 minutes and KT90 was 8.07 minutes.Conclusion: Ocimum basilicum essential oil has a mosquitocidal effect on Aedes aegypti. Further studies to investigate the substances of Ocimum basilicum against Aedes aegypti are needed.

Acaricidal and anthelmintic efficacy of Ocimum basilicum essential oil and its major constituents estragole and linalool, with insights on acetylcholinesterase inhibition

The present study evaluated the acaricidal and anthelmintic action of Ocimum basilicum essential oil and its main components against ticks and helminth parasites as well as to relate these activities to acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The in vitro acaricidal activity against Hyalomma scupense was evaluated by Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and Larval Packet Test (LPT), while the in vivo nematocidal potential was assessed in laboratory mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus using fecal egg count reduction (FECR) and total worm count reduction (TWCR). Chemical analyzes were performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Estragole (80.87%) and linalool (16.12%) were the major compounds detected in O. basilicum essential oil. In the AIT assay for H. scupense tick, LC50 of estragole, O. basilicum oil and linalool were 0.73, 0.81 and 0.97 mg/mL, respectively. In LPT, estragole, linalool and essential oil showed LC50 of 0.22, 1.11 and 1.19 mg/mL, respectively. Against He. polygyrus, the highest activity was observed with estragole administered at 100 mg/kg body weight (bwt), which resulted in a FECR of 90.86% and a TWCR of 82.91%. The O. basilicum essential oil, estragole and linalool inhibited the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) extracted from both parasites species. Estragole was found the most active AChE inhibitor with IC50 of 0.176 mg/mL for H. scupense and IC50 of 0.138 mg/mL for He. polygyrus larvae. The results of the present study pointed out the importance of the traditional use of O. basilicum as an eco-friendly alternative against endo and ectoparasites. In vivo trials should also be conducted to confirm the above-mentioned activities and to assure the safe use of natural plants.